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Processing of biodegradable waste containing raw materials of animal origin into fertilizer substrates: methodology for practice
Usťak, Sergej ; Muňoz, Jakub ; Váňa, Vojtěch
The aim of the methodology is to provide to farmers, agricultural advisors, biogas manufacturers and processors, owners and operators of biogas stations and composting plants, investors and other interested parties, the basic information on the possibilities of hygienic treatment at biodegradable waste containing animal raw materials to fertilizer substrates and the ways of their use. The patented combined method of acid and alkaline biowaste treatment ensures a sufficient stabilization and efficient hygiene of the output product, allowing to be further utilized for composting, biogasification, or for soil application as a valuable fertilizer substrate, as well. A part of the methodology is the evaluation of agrochemical efficiency at output use of fertilizer substrates in the cultivation of selected agricultural crops. The methodology is intended for a wide range of users. The methodology can serve as a basis for the adaptation of technical facilities, technological processes and also as a material for teaching at secondary agricultural schools, agricultural universities or agricultural advisors.
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Sublethal effect of agrochemicals on \kur{Pardosa} sp.
KRIŠTOFOVÁ, Lucie
In the last decades, there has been a growing interest in studying particular those arthropods who have an important role in agroecosystems. For example, they are natural enemies of pests and therefore they are considered to be beneficial organisms. However, these beneficial arthropods may be negatively affected by the application of chemicals under the management of agroecosystems and their potential to inhibit pests can be significantly reduced. Such organisms certainly include spiders which occure in abundant numbers practically in all types of terrestrial habitats including agricultural ecosystems where they have a role of very important predators. Therefore, the thesis focused on current issues of pesticides, especially from the view of their negative effects on behavioral modification of beneficial invertebrate organisms in agricultural crops. The theoretical part is devoted to a brief characteristics of pesticides, their sublethal effects on non-target organisms and the importance of spiders as natural regulators of pests in agroecosystems. The practical part describes the experiment whereconventionally used agrochemicals were tested the influence of the herbicide and desiccant Basta 15, the Arrest preparation and their combination (mixture Basta 15 + Arrest) on spiders genus Pardosa. I focused on the side effects of these solutions, specifically on the modification of predatory behavior and on the mortality of spiders. It has been shown that agrochemicals affect the predation successfulness of spiders. From the short term and the long term point of view, it has been shown that spiders treated with the tested preparations killed less prey than the individuals in the control group which were treated only with distilled water. The dependence of mortality and the number of killed prey on the size and sex has not been proved. Preparations Basta 15 and the mixture caused significantly higher mortality of spiders. The Arrest preparation did not increase the mortality.
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